Mushroom Shelf Tutorial!

I'm ever so sorry for putting this tutorial off for so long! Alas, I was nudged into action by a reader who had been patiently waiting for this since my first mushroom shelf post back in December (yikes! I'm so sorry!) Please accept my most sincere apologies and lets do just jump right into this!

One's active participation in this tutorial is rather dependent on access to suitable mushroom specimens, and while I regret that I'm unable to offer any specific advice on where to go looking, do just keep a keen eye in the trees (up and down the trunks, specifically) the next time you are out on a ramble through a forested area, and your diligence may well be rewarded. The correct sort of mushroom (there are actually a handful of different varieties that work) is typically espied growing from the trunks of trees that appear ill of health, or perhaps even dead, however there are never any guarantees of finding the mushrooms. I have been in areas that I thought must surely be lousy with mushrooms, but was unable to locate a single one, while at other times I have been surprised to find an abundance in what seemed an unlikely locale.

Examine the mushroom images in this post; any mushroom that appears shelf-like and feels solid and woody may be used. If the mushroom looks shelf-like but feels soft and mushy to the touch, or can be compressed between the fingers (feels spongy) then it will not be useful. In the image below I have climbed a "stairway" of mushroom shelves up to the top of a dead tree. I am pounding them away from the bark with my boot as I descend. Remember that these mushrooms feel, essentially, like wood, and are generally firmly attached to the tree bark. Using a hammer to pound them off will damage the mushroom, but pounding them with a fist or boot heel, or grasping firmly with two hands and applying firm downward (or, if that doesn't work, upward) pressure, will generally free your prize unharmed. I might also just add that it is a good idea to gather your specimens judiciously; these mushrooms play an important role in the forest ecosystem (mainly, aiding in the decomposition of dead or dying trees) so it is better to take just a few and leave plenty behind to continue their work in the forest.



Now that you have a few specimens to work with, I urge patience; let them sit in a dry place for 4-5 days (no more than a week, as bugs will take residence in the mushrooms rather quickly). I advise against washing the mushrooms; they aren't really very dirty, and the added water will hamper your drying and curing efforts. If necessary, just brush the mushroom off well with a big, soft dry paintbrush. After the resting period, open up your kitchen windows, turn on the kitchen exhaust fan, warm up your oven to 250 degrees, and place the mushrooms directly on the middle rack in the warm oven and leave them for 3 hours. After three hours, turn the heat up to 325 and let the mushrooms bake for another hour. Your abode will have taken on a very mushroom-y aroma at this point; make sure the windows are open and plenty of fresh air is circulating through the kitchen and home. This heating period is sufficient to drive out any insects that may have taken up residence in the mushroom and, as a critical procedure in the successful preservation of your prize, must not be skipped! Turn off the oven and leaving the mushrooms within, allow everything to cool back down to room temperature with the oven door cracked open a few inches.



It is now time to trim your mushroom shelf. Note that your mushroom has spent it's life on the trunk of a tree, and so its back will be curved at the point of attachment. Since it's new point of attachment will be against a flat wall, you must cut away the curved portion before we can continue. The image above shows the cured mushroom with a red line indicating where the cut will be made, and the saw I like to use to make the cut. The saw is nothing fancy or expensive; in fact it is the cheapest mitre saw available from the hardware store (seven dollars maybe?) but works very well. Please do not, under any circumstances, attempt to use any power hand tool (circular saw, jig saw, etc.) for this procedure. The mushrooms, with their irregular surface and shape, are difficult to hold steady and almost impossible to clamp; they are tough and have an irregular "grain"; any attempt to make this cut with any tool other than a nice slow, steady hand saw could result in disastrous injury or worse! Keep it simple! No power tools for this part please! Before making your cut, study the image below representing the side view of 2 mushroom shelves mounted on the wall, the aim of which is to convey the necessity of making your cut at a 90 degree angle to the "shelf" surface of the mushroom, so that when it is mounted on the wall, it sits straight out. If you start cutting without visualizing this, then you may make your cut at an unfortunate angle, and when mounted flush against the wall, the mushroom shelf may either point downward (bad, as nothing will stay put on your shelf) or upward (not as bad, but still not good).



Now, keeping your saw blade straight up and down at a 90 degree angle to the shelf surface of the mushroom, grasp the mushroom firmly and slowly begin to cut into the mushroom at a point that will allow all of the curved back portion to be cut away; the picture should help visualize this. Go slow, remember your angle, and use steady downward pressure as you saw. Easy does it! If you aren't used to using a hand saw, practice on some scrap wood first, and for safety, go ahead and wear a heavy leather glove on the hand that you are grasping the mushroom with.



Done! It only takes a few minutes! The photo below shows the raggedy back portion we wanted to get rid of, and our new mushroom shelf with a nice, flat back. Nice!



Now we need to address how the mushroom shelf will attach to the wall. I like to use these hangers often referred to as "keyhole hangers" that my local hardware store stocks-- yours probably stocks them as well; if you don't see them, just ask! These work well because once mounted to the mushroom, they are completely flush with its back surface, and allow the mushroom to be held tightly against the wall using a common drywall screw as a hanger. You may be able to devise another way of hanging, but remember that it must not protrude out from the back of your shelf, or the shelf will not be held against the wall securely. If you opt to use the keyhole hangers, the next step is to trace the shape of the hanger onto the center of the back of the mushroom as pictured below. Then, using the tracing as a guide, I use a tiny sanding drum on my dremel tool to grind out that area to a depth of about 1/8", or enough so that the hanger sits flush with (or slightly below) the surface of the shelf. If you don't have a dremel tool, you may be able to use a sharp knife or woodcarving tool to cut around the diameter of the tracing, then carefully chip out the middle part. I scooped the area directly behind the actual keyhole a little deeper than the rest to accommodate the screw head from which the shelf will hang.



The image below shows that the shape of the hanger has been ground out with the dremel tool. I then paint that area with some acrylic paint (here I used blue for visibility) to seal that surface. It is important to make sure that no bare mushroom surface remains when we are done, because a bare mushroom surface presents a point of entry for mushroom hungry bugs! Maybe you noticed that one of the hanger depressions is sideways on the flatter mushroom; Keyhole hangers work best straight up and down (the keyhole slips over the screw head protruding from your wall, then the shelf is pulled down until the screw head is "locked" behind the narrow part of the keyhole) but they also work sideways, though maybe not quite as securely (keyhole slips over screw head protruding from the wall, then the shelf is pulled sideways slightly until the screw head is locked behind the narrow part of the keyhole). If your mushroom is too thin to accommodate the hanger vertically, then go ahead and put it on horizontally.



The image below depicts the hanger being affixed to the back of the shelf using wood screws. A little glue may be smeared on the screws first for added security, if you like. When the screw is screwed all the way down, and starts to feel tight, stop screwing! If you keep going, thinking you will get it really tight, you will probably end up stripping out the hole, and your screw will not anchor the hanger to the mushroom effectively! If this happens (indicated by the screw suddenly turning very easily even though it is all the way in) back the screw out, fill the hole with wood glue, then put the screw back in and leave it until the glue dries; it will be fine. I bring this point up because, although woody, the mushroom is not as dense as real wood, and is more prone to stripping when the screw is over tightened.





Almost done! Now it is time to completely seal the surface of the mushroom. I use a clear, matte finish, lacquer-type spray from the craft supply store. I have also used clear krylon protective spray from the hardware store (in the spray paint aisle). You may experiment with gloss or satin finishes as well; I found that the matte finish doesnt darken or discolor the mushrooms as much as a gloss finish, for some reason, and leaves the surface looking just as natural as it looked growing on the tree. It is probably worth gathering a few extra mushrooms (maybe the less perfect looking ones) to try different sprays on. Go outside for this, and spray every surface of the mushroom thoroughly. Spray the top, the bottom, turn it and spray the back. Dont be shy; it is important that every crack and pore gets completely sealed-- apply a heavy coat, and allow it to dry for an hour. Then go out and apply another heavy coat of spray. Let that dry, then apply a final, lighter coat over every surface of the mushroom. Let the mushroom dry according to the directions on the spray can-- probably 24 hours. When I am spraying my mushrooms, I really saturate the surface with the first coat, and the surface looks dark, but lightens back up as the coating dries.



To finish the mushrooms, I like to trace around the back of the mushroom onto a piece of marbled paper. I think felt might also be nice. I then trim around the outline, and glue the paper backing onto the back of the mushroom using a thick white craft glue. After the backing is dry, the keyhole shape can be cut out easily with an exacto blade.



Finished mushroom shelves!



Following is an alternate mounting technique that you may like to try, and is especially effective for mushrooms that are too thin to put the keyhole hanger on the back of. This technique lends a unique "mounted trophy" appearance to your mushroom that you might like as an alternative to the aforementioned method! First, obtain a small wooden plaque in a shape you find pleasing (I like oval or rounded rectangle shapes for this) from the woodcraft aisle at your local craft store. You may paint it or stain it any color you like now, though I left this one bare. Position your cured, cut mushroom on the plaque as pictured below, and trace the outline of the mushroom onto the plaque in pencil.



Now drill two holes near the center of the mushroom outline you pencilled onto the plaque, a few inches apart. On the back of the plaque use a countersink bit to countersink the hole you just drilled, so that the screw heads will be flush with back of the plaque.



Now, carefully hold the mushroom firmly in position against the front of the plaque, exactly where you outlined it, and carefully screw a 2 inch screw through each of your pre-drilled holes from the back of the plaque into your mushroom. The mushroom should now be held tightly against the face of the plaque by the two screws. Now affix a keyhole hanger vertically in the back center of the plaque, following the same instructions used for mounting the hanger directly to the back of a mushroom, then apply a paper or felt backing to the back of the plaque to finish things off! Following is the back of a completed plaque-mount mushroom shelf (I stained the plaque dark mahogany), and the example shelf after the shelf has been screwed on, but before the heyhole hanger has been affixed.



A completed "plaque-mount" mushroom shelf!



My, but hasn't this been an exceptionally long tutorial (I think that's why I was putting it off!)? I Thank You most sincerely for hanging in there until the end. I hope by now you have some nice mushroom shelves to display your curios on! If not, get out into the woods and keep a sharp eye out, then be sure to come back here and follow this tutorial when you've found your mushrooms!

In regards to what sort of curios you should display on these shelves, I must warn that, as the shelf surface may be somewhat irregular, and the shelf itself is affixed to your wall but by the head of a screw and hence not infinitely strong, it will be quite unsuitable for displaying, for instance: a heavy chunk of the Berlin wall, Aunt Maude's expensive heirloom vase, your favorite antique Chinese porcelain Foo dog, etc. More appropriate choices might include: that tatty old taxidermied sparrow you found at the flea market for 3 dollars, a large dried Fly Agaric mushroom you found in the woods (while harvesting mushroom shelves!), A piece of fan coral from your vacation on Sanibel Island, the odd looking piece of Cholla cactus skeleton from your trip to the Southwest....

Thanks For Joining Me!

FinderMaker Recommended Reading

I really am indebted to my tillicum across the pond, Joff, for introducing me to Annie Dillard's The Living, an epic, historically based work of fiction following the lives of a group of early settlers on the Pacific Northwest coast during the late 1800's. It is easily the most engaging and well written story I have ever read; I wish I could have read it more slowly, or that the story could have just continued infinitely! Shortly after finishing it, I was perusing the online exhibits of the Whatcom Museum of History and Art (much of the story is set in the town of Whatcom, WA) when I ran across the photography of Darius Kinsey, who photographed logging operations and some other snippets of life in the Pacific Northwest around the time that the story is set. Viewing his photographs added a wonderful new dimension to the experience of reading The Living! Following are some of Mr. Kinsey's photos, courtesy of the Whatcom Museum and the University of Washington's digital photo collection:

Homestead on the Olympic Peninsula, WA, 1906 (UofW)

Cedar stump house, 1901 (UofW)

31 people posed inside of a giant cedar stump, 1902 (WM)

Loggers felling a fir tree, 1906 (UofW)

Two women pose outside of a hollowed cedar stump shack. (WM)

Cutting shingle bolts from a cedar log, 1902 (UofW)

Cedar trunk with a 20 foot diameter. (WM)

I've also greatly enjoyed reading The Lure of the Labrador Wild by Dillon Wallace, and his follow-up to that book entitled The Long Labrador Trail. The first is a true account of two friends who, in 1903, embark on a remarkable journey from New York City up into the wilds of Labrador, hoping to rendevous with the Nascaupee Indians during their annual hunt for migrating caribou herds. The Long Labrador Trail is a continuation, of sorts, of the first story, and is equally engaging... a fine read for a lazy indian summer afternoon. Clicking the highlighted titles should take you directly to the free Project Gutenberg online versions of each book! Following are some photographs of the two gentlemen who embarked on the Labrador expedition, Leonidas Hubbard and Dillon Wallace, and their trusty guide George Elson...

Leonidas Hubbard awaiting departure from the shore in front of the Hudson's Bay Company at North West River, 1903

Dillon Wallace, Leonidas' friend and author of the book, awaiting departure, 1903

Elson and Wallace landing the canoe onshore along the Susan River, 1903

Wallace and Elson relax by a fire after lunch.

Wallace and Elson proudly display the head of a Caribou they killed.

Dillon Wallace portaging supplies with a goose hung at each side.

George Elson and Dillon Wallace take a rest and discuss the journey.

All above photos are courtesy of the Labrador Heritage Society via the Virtual Museum of Canada (Click on the latter for more photos and info about the Hubbard expedition but... read the book first!)

And one final note... food and wine pairings are a familiar idea, but might I suggest this... book and incense pairings! The perfect olfactory experience may be paired with any of the three aforementioned volumes by acquiring a "Seven Scent Incense Sampler" from Incienso de Santa Fe. For a mere $7.75, this set supplies seven different all natural wood based incense logs-- Juniper, Pinon, Cedar, Alder, Mesquite, Fir Balsam, and Hickory. Any of these may be ignited throughout the stories to complete the impression of.... sitting by a campfire eating cooked lake trout after a hard day of canoeing, working hard to fell a giant cedar in a clearing amid smoking stumps and piles of wood debris, spending an afternoon in a Native American longhouse upriver mourning the loss of a great chief...



The Seven Scent Sampler comes with a simple burning platform, but I am quite fond of my Pacific Northwest Ceremonial Longhouse, pictured above; it is only $7.00 and is supplied with a good quantity of Pinon logs to get you started!

Birch Bark and Spruce Root Harvest

Late Summer Greetings to you, Kind Readers! I've recently become interested in Native American basketry, some fine examples of which are crafted from finely woven spruce root fiber by some of the tribes of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Below (center, front) is a spruce root basket, possibly of Tlingit Indian manufacture, from around the turn of the century:



Here in the Northeast, forms of spruce root basketry may also be found, but the abundance of the Birch tree facilitated the construction of a wide variety of vessels from that tough but uniquely paper-like bark. Accordingly, I developed a strong desire to try my hand at harvesting and utilizing examples of both materials.

A journey to the shores of the great Lake St. Catherine in Vermont has been in the works for some time, and I determined that the prospects for my harvest should be agreeably met in that region, and I was not disappointed. The Birch trees seem to thrive on the periphery of areas that have been cleared for the purposes of quarrying slate; there are several such areas in the region. While it is possible to harvest bark from a live Birch tree without killing the tree, there was no shortage of fallen Birches upon which the bark remained as clean and viable as on any living specimen, and so I harvested as much as I pleased from those, and later determined that, for the sake of comparison, I would be remiss for failing to judiciously extract a harmless quantity from a few live trees as well.

The method for harvesting from a tree in either state is the same: a sharp utensil is drawn around the circumference of the trunk, cutting deeply enough to enable the release of a sufficient thickness of the papery outer bark while avoiding (on a live specimen, that is) cutting so deeply as to damage the inner layers of living bark. If a two-foot wide section of bark is desired, then a second cut is made in the same manner two feet from and parallel to the original. Finally, one straight line is cut connecting the two circular cuts. If these cuts are made in the spring while the live tree's sap is "flowing" apparently the bark sheet will fairly "pop" right off the trunk. At other times, the bark holds on a bit more snugly, though careful peeling will generally result in a more or less intact sheet. On a dead tree, the bark strip will generally release from the trunk with great ease and an intact sheet is procured with little exertion. In the photo below I am releasing a segment from a dead Birch; the dark red layer is a film of decomposing trunk matter that is easily peeled away in a neat layer revealing the many layers of perfect, pinkish birch bark beneath:



For crafting purposes, nice flat sheets of bark are easiest to work with. Bark taken from a dead Birch tree will want to assume the shape of the trunk from which it was stripped, ie: round, while bark taken from a live tree will, very soon after harvest, curl up very tightly indeed. I attempted to thwart both situations by weighting stacks of the bark in a shallow part of the lake to soak and soften for a few days. I then stacked them neatly on the dock and covered them with flat pieces of slate which I further weighted with stones until the sheets were more or less dry. This worked very well with the bark taken from dead trees, while the bark taken from the live trees, having not dried sufficiently during the pressing, curled right back up during the journey back to Providence. I have read that soaking the rolls in hot water for a period will allow the bark to relax sufficiently to be worked with. Below are some images of the bark sheets being stacked and pressed, and an image of a nicely trimmed, dry, and more or less flat stack of useable bark!







Next, a suitable stand of Spruce trees (Black Spruce, in this case) was located, and the topsoil scuffed up a bit revealing the long, thin roots that run parallel to the surface of the ground. In this particular operation I will not claim to be anything other than a novice, and educated myself prior by studying Judy Kavanagh's excellent tutorial. I will not attempt to rewrite something that she has done so well, but simply add my own notes and experiences in case someone might find them useful. In short time, several sufficiently long-ish roots were teased from the ground. I was quite unsure how this project would play out, and so erred on the side of gathering too few, rather than amassing an unwieldy cache that I was unable or unwilling to process completely.



I washed the dirt off my little bundle of roots and, following this separate account of the steps by which spruce roots are prepared for basket weaving by the Tlingit Indians, roasted the roots briefly over a small fire to char the root bark. The root bark is quite a bit thicker than I had thought, however, and as I commenced to pull the roots through a notched piece of wood to pull the bark off (pictured below), found that the surface of the root bark had been but lightly charred, and some effort was still required to strip off the rest, though I do think the heating loosened the bark a bit and made the stripping easier.



Because the root bark was thicker than I had anticipated, some of the roots that I had thought might be too thick were actually perfectly sized once stripped, and some of the roots that looked fine right out of the ground, ended up being too thin and flimsy to use after the bark was stripped (and several of those broke in the process of stripping). Below is the same bundle pictured previously after the root bark was stripped:



The neat part about processing spruce roots is that they are not used whole, but rather split in half, then in quarters, so that a four foot strip of root, after splitting, yields 16 feet of spruce fiber! The roots split fairly easily, though it does take some concentration and skill to keep the split right down the middle. In the photo below, I have split the root in half, and am in the process of splitting one half again into two quarter strips. I think an accomplished basket maker may split these quarters down even further, but that greatly surpasses my skills, and I was happy with my bundle of quartered spruce root strips!.





My strips are a bit lumpy and uneven looking, and I cant imagine working them into a basket, but I do think they will make excellent binding material for birch bark containers! You will have noticed by clicking on Judy's link that her tutorial on spruce roots is part of a larger tutorial on building a birch bark canoe; spruce roots are the traditional material used to bind together canoes! I certainly didn't harvest enough of either material to build a canoe, nor would I be competent or patient enough to assemble such a fine vessel even if I had, but the tutorial is very interesting, and I may like to try to build a miniature birch bark canoe at some point. Want to see what I did with some of that birch bark? Have a look at my blog post on birch bark boxes!

Funny Thrift Store Discovery: Wedgwood Lobster Bowl

Even when the pickings are slim at the local thrift shop, I can usually get a few good chuckles out of the array of silly things that turn up. Take this lobster bowl, for instance: At first glance I thought "Ha! Now theres something funny to see! A bowl in the form of a shell being supported by a lobster! A thing like that!" and so on...

Well, Anne was really quite taken with it from the get go, but I maintained that, curious though it was, it was destined to live on that thrift store shelf for a considerable time eliciting all manner of laughs and criticisms before anyone came along and deemed it worthy of purchase. Anne took a closer look under the base for hallmarks and such, and she found a few, and one that seemed to read "wedgwood". Well, that was just fine, says I, immediately assuming the role of Antiques Roadshow-style appraiser, asserting that such things as that were easy to fake, and that this piece probably came from the home goods department at TJ Maxx down the road.

That lobster bowl did work its way into my brain, though, and we talked about it and wondered about it all the way home, and when we got there, Anne made straight for the computer and set right to researching the thing. The Wedgwood Museum describes the bowl thusly:

"Towards the end of the 19th century, when the Victorian taste for all things extravagant and quirky, was at its height, Wedgwood introduced numerous items of novelty tableware. Salad bowls and servers in particular were eminently suitable vessels to be disguised with various flora and fauna. This example has the bowl itself balancing on lobster claws. It was patented in 1888 and manufactured in the same year. "

The identical bowl in the Wedgwood museum is described as a salad bowl and is pictured with serving utensils (below)



A catalog from a 2009 Christie's auction lists two identical bowls, without the serving utensils, as "Wedgwood Creamware Shell-Form Centerpiece Bowls". Wedgwood also manufactured the salad bowl below, from the collection of the Museum of Liverpool



Well, at any rate, by the time we found the information I've posted thus far, we were fairly well obsessed with that old lobster bowl, and when we saw that Christie's had auctioned off their identical pair for $3250.00 why we were just on fire for it! Problem was, the thrift shop had closed for the day. After all that research I changed my tune pretty quick and figured someone more savvy than us had probably snatched that thing up as soon as we set it down. We made a plan to be waiting for the doors to open the next morning in the event that it was still there, and had some information on what marks should be found on the bottom of the bowl written on a scrap of paper. I was just as happy as could be when I saw it was still perched up on its shelf! We examined the base and determined that all of the various markings were in order, and that this was the real deal before hauling it up to the register. The gal at the counter kind of wrinkled up her nose and gave us a funny look when she saw it, but we didn't mind a bit; we had our treasure! Following are a few more images of our lobster bowl:









The image above shows the various hallmarks and other information stamped and painted underneath the base. I've had a fine time arranging various groupings of shells, corals and sealife in our new Wedgwood bowl!



Thanks for joining me, and do have a lovely weekend!

Shaman Cap Makeover, Before and During

After familiarizing myself with the "lazy stitch" beading technique used on the medicine bag (covered in an earlier post) I determined that the Native American inspired "shaman's cap" (honestly, there isn't anything to distinguish this as a shamanic artifact-- it more closely resembles some examples of Apache warrior's caps, though I didn't know that at the time, and so dubbed it a shaman's cap and shall continue to refer to it as such) that I had made some 15 years ago might benefit from some lazy stitch beadwork to cover the seams where the sections of deerskin were stitched together. Upon closer inspection I determined that a number of elements comprising the cap were quite unacceptable by my current, more stringent, crafting standards, and set about deconstructing the artifact in preparation for some structural and aesthetic changes. Following are some images of the cap before any changes were made:







The hair drops evident above were among the details of the cap that troubled me: the locks of hair (mine, from when I had long hair) had been rather crudely "hot glued" into cones I had formed (very crudely) from heavy-gauge sheet tin and attached to the cap using unnecessarily thick wire, so that they didn't move or hang particularly gracefully, but poked out rather awkwardly. I have now completed most of the beadwork with the exception of the front strip, which I had finished in the black and white striped pattern like the others before deciding that I might prefer a wider strip of a different pattern. I have started the new front strip, but don't feel satisfied with the pattern or colors, so will probably try something different. I added some red deerskin trim accented with old cobalt blue glass trade beads attached with sinew, and a silver concho against a red antique blanket-wool circle to the front also. Here is the cap in its current state:









The image immediately above shows the new hair cone-drops. I loosened the hair from the old tin cones by gently heating them until the old hot-glue became liquid enough to allow the hair cluster to be pulled out. I was then able to pull off all of the excess hot-glue so that the mass of each hair cluster base was greatly reduced, allowing it to fit into new, thinner store bought jingle cones. Before using the new cones, however, I gave them a quick dip in a metal darkening patina solution to give them a nicely aged appearance. I set each hair cluster into its cone this time with a touch of heated pinon resin after first securing a strip of sinew to the hair cluster and passing it up through the tip of each cone to attach to the cap, which should allow the drops to move more naturally than the thick wire I had used for attachment previously. I also added 3 antique green glass trade beads (in additional to the original abalone disks) to each drop. In the photo you will also notice a thick cluster of horsehair; I had dyed one quarter of the hair red, and was considering using the white and red dyed horsehair instead of the brown human hair in the drops-- I may still do a horsehair version and see which one I like better. The original crown feathers were in pretty poor condition after having suffered a great many surprise cat attacks. They were wrapped in antique red blanket wool and wire, then attached with wire to the crown. I will probably add some new feathers and wrap them differently, and attach them all to the crown with sinew, though I haven't yet started on that part of the reconstruction. I Thank You for joining me for this segment of the "shaman's cap makeover" and hope to have a completed project post up for you before long!